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The Apartheid Political System in Sudan from 1956 onward

The definitions of the Term Apartheid in Sudan:

Sudan’s current and former political systems imposing the policy of segregation and social inequality, economic, and political discrimination against certain groups or nations.

The Apartheid political system in Sudan from 1956 onwards committed atrocities crimes against certain nations systematically and widely. Sudan’s Apartheid Political System have committed the following atrocity:

Racial Segregation: Separating people into racial groups in daily life: The Apartheid political system in Sudan, which practices racial segregation since 1956. Separation of institutions like schools, segregation in the legal system, etc.

People of different races are segregated, either by law or through action, in all aspects of their daily lives, including education, housing, and access to public facilities. In other words, it is a form of institutional racism. Racial segregation laws have existed in Sudan since 1956. Sudan’s policy of segregation maintains the economic advantages and social superiority of the politically dominant population. It has been that way since the Arab minority from Sudan’s north has used legal, military and social bars to maintain its dominance over another groups, including people from Kordofan, Blue Nile and Darfur.

Segregation in the Legal system in Sudan: Racial discrimination is widespread in the legal system in Sudan. A recent example from many researchers raises the following concerns:
People who come from the west, east, and southern states of Sudan are the poorest people in the nation.
Arab from the northern states are all the heads of law enforcement.
People from certain states are likely to be arrested and convicted and jailed. The statistics show that there is a racial disparity that pervades the Sudan criminal justice system and black African communities in particular. There are races in Sudan that are more likely than other races to be arrested once they arrested, they are more likely to be convicted and once convicted and they are more likely to experience a lengthy prison sentence. Some races in Sudan are 101 times as likely to be incarcerated than other races and are over 81 times to go to prisons in their lifetime as could 4 of every Severn from the same race or ethnic groups.
The sources of such disparities in the state (Sudan) of Apartheid are deeper and more systematic than explicit racial discrimination. Sudan has two legal criminal justice systems one for the people from Sudan north for the elite and for the wealthy people and another for the black African people and people from Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Darfur and for poor people.
The Judicial and legal system in Sudan from 1956 onward can be described as a double standard, the criminal justice system in Sudan is not fair and is not color blind and is not class blind.
Social segregation, Racial inequality – in Sudan: Affordable Healthcare – Food insecurity – Income gap- Segregation in Education – race classifications- political and civil rights – cultural Rights and segregation in all aspects of life in Sudan.
Make or create hunger – Death – Famine, and Violence such as armed conflict, civil war, encourage people to fight one another, kill one another.
Supreme Arab Laws in Sudan: under both laws, Black African Communities are classified as second citizens. Both laws have represented the legitimization of anti-certain race groups. Both impose discrimination in education, public services, and other aspect of life. Both believe that Arab culture is the best one. The Arab laws in Sudan never assert or even intimate that Arab people from north Sudan are lying before the legal system. Never impute dishonorable intentions to an Arab person in Sudan and never suggest that an Arab person from north Sudan is from an inferior class. No one is allowed to claim or overly demonstrate superior knowledge or intelligence from a person from north Sudan.
The Groups areas Act: in Sudan, the cities and towns are divided into segregated residential and racial areas.
The Violence by the state in Sudan- Armed Conflict – Political Instability – Famine- Terrorism, and Security agent brutality against specific racial groups in certain states such as Darfur, Blue-Nile, and South-Kordofan:

The Atrocity Crimes by the Apartheid Political System in Sudan: Genocide as atrocity crimes, Genocide by murder or killing the Zaghawa nations, genocide by causing serious bodily and mental harm. The government of Sudan and backup forces committed genocide by deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction. Genocide by imposing measures intended to prevent birth among Zaghawa and other nations. Genocide by forcibly transferring the children of Zaghawa and to other nations.

According to the convention on the prevention and punishment of the Crimes of Genocide 1948: In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group and Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

The Genocide Convention establishes in Article (I) that the crime of genocide may take place in the context of an armed conflict, international or non-international, but also the context of a peaceful situation. The latter is less common but still possible. The same article establishes the obligation of the contracting parties to prevent and punish the crime of genocide. The popular understanding of what constitutes genocide tends to be broader than the content of the norm under international law.

The Atrocity Crimes by the Apartheid Political System in Sudan: Crimes against Humanity: The government forces attack the civilian populations who do not participate in the hostilities. The government forces and its back militia committed crimes against humanity of murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and forcible transfer of civilian population in Darfur, deprivation of physical liberty, torture, rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy, sexual violence and enforced prostitution. This research proved that the government forces and its backup militia committed a crime against humanity of persecution, enforced disappearance of the black African communities in Darfur, apartheid according to the article 7 of the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court. Furthermore, they commit crimes against humanity of inhumane acts.

Social inequality[1] under the Apartheid political system in Sudan since 1956 onward:

The apartheid political system in Sudan since 1956, imposing disparities in all public services and employment, they are imposing different access to and use of resources across various domains for example education, and occupations that result in disparities across race, color, ethnicity, and other important social market. The apartheid political system in Sudan since 1956 imposing the income inequality in the unequal distribution of income, this research measure income inequality by dividing the Sudan population into groups. Sudan governments are responsible of wealth inequality in Sudan, which means, the unequal distribution of wealth and resources in a community. Government in Sudan applies unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. It contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments. Racial discrimination and racism are the main cause of this problem, the right to access to resources is unfairly distributed across racial lines. People from Darfur, Blue Nile and Kordofan typically experience racism, which benefit people from North-Sudan by conferring on them people from north privilege, which allows them greater access to rights and resources than other Sudanese people.

In Sudan there are many main ways to measures social inequality, one of them are inequality of conditions and inequality of opportunities.

This research refers the inequality of conditions to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, and material goods. For instance, housing is inequality of condition with the homeless and those living in housing projects sitting at the bottom of the hierarchy while the people form north Sudan living in multimillion dollars mansions sit at the top. Another example is at the level of whole communities, where some are extremely poor, unstable, and plagued by violence, while people from north Sudan, the elite people and other are invested in by businesses and government that they thrive and provide safe, secure, and happy conditions for their inhabitants. In Sudan there is inequality of opportunities which is refers to the unequal distribution of life chances across individuals and groups. This is reflected in measures such as level of education, health care and treatment by the legal system, specifically the criminal justice system and education sector. This article proved that a comprehensive examination of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system of Sudan. Judges in Sudan typically imposed heavier sentence on people from Darfur, Blue-Nile and Kordofan than people from North-Sudan convicted of comparable felonies and who had similar criminal records. Not only people from certain state and minorities receive harsher minimum sentences but they also served more time in prison or behind bars in Sudan.

Racial disparities in the legal and criminal justice system in Sudan are well documented and widespread. This research review examines racial disparities in few areas of the system, prison population, participation in the jury’s system in Sudan. Some and most of them but not all of them, of the disparities may be the result of implicit racial bias, given the number if people involved in the decision making that result in theses disparities and the difficulty in training by reducing implicit racial bias may fail.

Encounters with the legal system and police in Sudan are often people point of entry into the criminal justice system. In these interactions, the police engage in differential treatment of community member because of their ethnicity and race, when investigating illegal behavior ranging in severity from relatively minor, for example traffic violation to more sever offenses such as murder or assault. The legal system in Sudan is more likely to be lenient and to use les force with people from North-Sudan than with people from Darfur, Blue-Nile and Kordofan.

In Sudan now imprison a greater proportion of people from Darfur, Kordofan and Blue-Nile that represented among inmates. They are representing over 87% of those imprisoned with one in four people from these states men and women incarcerated at some points in their lives.

Pretrial processing: after arrests, defendants are brought before a judge from North-Sudan for arraignment hearing, where defendants hear the charges against them and enter a plea. Prosecutors are from the North-Sudan have a great deal of discretion in which charges they will levy against the defendants as well as the plea deals that they will offer and accept. These charge and plea decision directly affect the length of time that defendants, if found guilty or if the plea is accepted, will serve in prison.

Charges: in the case of charging, racial differences begin when offenders are young with prosecutors more likely to charge people from Darfur, Kordofan and Blue-Nile than people from North Sudan young offenders as an adult under some circumstances, depriving them of the more lenient. People from Darfur and South-Kordofan also more likely to receive, longer sentence that people from North-Sudan, that because the prosecutors who are from North Sudan are more likely to charge people from Darfur and South-Kordofan and Blue-Nile with crimes that carry mandatory minimum sentences.

The evidence is overwhelming that racial disparities, and racial discrimination in the criminal justice system in Sudan is exist, raising the question of what is the best method for eliminating them? The most effective interventions are targeted at the processes underlying the behavior that one wishes to reduce or eliminate. Typically, scholarship has examined whether racial disparities are better explained by implicit rather that there is serious debate about the definition of implicit bias.

There is not doubt that some racial disparities in the criminal justice system are the result of implicit racial bias. Reducing disparities in policing, change in organizational policies could reduce racial disparities in policing. for example, investigatory stops are an organizational practice that result in racial disparities.

Education sectors discrimination in Sudan:

For example, this study shows that some colleges and universities and military and police academic are more likely to ignore or reject application from Students who are from Darfur, South-Kordofan and Blue Nile, while privileges people from North-Sudan. Racial disparities and discrimination in education- what do we know, how do we know it and what do we need to know?

This research examines racial discrepancies in education, with particular attention to those that might be attributable to discrimination. This paper focus on what we know, how we know it and what we need to know. this goal is to provide some information on education behaviors and outcomes that, taken together, constitute a casual model of educational achievement, taking account of both the actions of teachers and other school district personnel and those of students and their parents.

This study confirmed that, Discrimination of individual, community, and institutional levels is a major part of the process of reproducing social inequalities of race.

The apartheid political system in Sudan since 1956 onward imposed their racism and racial discrimination policy in all aspect of life, for example:

They imposed the racial segregation system, which operated mostly in the big cities in North Sudan such as Khartoum, Port-Sudan, Aljazeera State, and other place across Sudan, since 1956 onward. The segregation system in Sudan is anti-people from Kordofan, Blue-Nile and Darfur. Under the racial segregation system in Sudan, people from certain areas in Sudan are given the status of third or fourth-class citizens. The segregation system in Sudan helped to make anti-black African and black Arab racism appear right. Many Muslim people in Sudan taught that white Arab were the chosen people, people from Darfur, Kordofan and Blue-Nile and elsewhere are cursed to be servants, and God or Allah supported racial segregation according to core Islamic Rules. A huge number of scientists, religion leaders and teachers from North-Sudan at every educational level, supported the belief that black Arab or African from Darfur, Blue-Nile and Kordofan are intellectually and culturally inferior or lower status to white Arab people from North-Sudan. Pro-Segregation politicians’ parties in Sudan gave persuasive speeches on the great danger of integration between white Arab from north-Sudan and other race from Darfur , Blue-Nile and Kordofan: for example, the destruction of the purity of the white Arab race in Sudan, media that own by government and private media such as newspaper and magazine writers routinely referred to idea that Black African and Arab black people as niggers or Black or Slave ABB in Arabic which mean Niggers or slave , ugly people , violence and idiot people, maggot, frogs, bugs, lice, cockroaches, wasps, darkies, flies and they called them other names.

The political segregation system and the political apartheid system in Sudan, are based on the following believes:

White Arab people from North-Sudan are superior to other race in Sudan in all importance ways, including but not limited to intelligence, morality, and civilized behaviors.
They forbidden sex or relationship or marriage between white Arab from North and other race specifically black African people because any mixed between white Arab people and other race would produce a mongrel race which would destroy white Arab race in Sudan.
white Arab people from North-Sudan believe that treating other race as equals to them would encourage interracial relationship between men and women.
White Arab people from north Sudan suggesting that any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relation, if necessary, violence must be used to keep other race particularly black African community at the bottom racial level.

Moreover, the apartheid political system, or the political segregation system in Sudan etiquette (which means the customary code of political behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group – Etiquette refers to behaving in a socially responsible way) norms show how inclusive and pervasive these norms are:

Other race not from white Arab from North Sudan could not offer his hand to shake hands with a white Arab male or female because it implied being socially equal. Clearly, any black African from the black African communities in Sudan and that including people from Kordofan, Blue-Nile and Darfur could not offer his hands or any other part of his filthy and dirty black body to a white Arab woman, because he risked being accused of sexual violence or sexual abuse or rape.
White Arab people from North Sudan and elsewhere in Sudan are not supposed to eat together with other race from Darfur, Blue-Nile and Kordofan. If they must eat in one place, white Arab people should serve first and some sort of partition should be place between them.
Some race such as people from Darfur, Blue-Nile and Kordofan, under no circumstance were not allowed to stay in Khartoum and are not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially hugging or kissing because it offended and insult white Arab communities.
White Arab people never use courtesy title of respect when referring to people from Darfur and other states, for example Miss – Mr. or Madam and Sir, instead slave, or nigga or Abb are called by their first names. White Arab people never assert or even intimate that a white Arab people are lying before the court, never impute dishonorable intentions to white Arab people and never suggest that a white Arab people are from and inferior class.

The apartheid political system in Sudan and the Segregation political system in Sudan are etiquette operating together, when the international community specially in Africa think of the Apartheid political system in Sudan, they think of laws, which excluded many nations from Darfur, Blue Nile and Kordofan from public services such as public transport and other facilities, for instance juries, jobs, and neighborhoods. Other nations in Sudan subjecting to violence by the state, no protection as other white Arab.

According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Article 7), a crime against Humanity:

For the purpose of this Statute, ‘crime against humanity means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:

Murder; Extermination; Enslavement; Deportation or forcible transfer of population; Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law; Torture; Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity; Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph (3), or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; Enforced disappearance of persons; The crime of apartheid; and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.

For paragraph (1): Attack directed against any civilian population’ means a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph (1) against any civilian population, under or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack.

According to Article (7) (1) of the Rome Statute, crimes against humanity do not need to be linked to an armed conflict and can also occur in peacetime, like the crime of genocide. That same article defines the crime that contains the following main elements: A physical element, which includes the commission of “any of the following acts”: Murder; Extermination; Enslavement; Deportation or forcible transfer of population; Imprisonment; Torture; Grave forms of sexual violence; Persecution; Enforced disappearance of persons; The crime of apartheid; Other inhumane acts. A contextual element: “when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population”; and a mental element: “with knowledge of the attack.

The Atrocity Crimes by the Apartheid Political System in Sudan: The government forces in Sudan and its backup militia committed war crimes against black African communities in Sudan (Darfur). The committing a war crime according to the article (8) of the Rome Statute of the ICC. The war crimes of willful killing, war crimes of torture, war crimes of inhuman treatment, war crimes of biological experiments, war crimes of willfully causing great suffering, destruction, and appropriation of property, compiled service in hostile forces. They committed war crimes of denying a fair trial, unlawful deportation, and transfer of civilian population in Darfur. They committed war crimes of unlawful confinement, taking hostages, attacking a civilian population, attacking civilian objects, and attacking undefended places. They committed war crimes of mutilation, war crimes of treacherously killing and wounding. They committed war crimes of denying quarters. War crimes of pillaging. War crimes of employing poison and poisoned weapons. The government of Sudan forces has committed war crimes of employing prohibited gases in Darfur. War crimes of outrage upon nations dignity. War crimes of sexual violence, rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, and forced pregnancy. The apartheid political system in Sudan Committed war crimes of starvation as a method of warfare, enlisting children, war crimes of murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, torture, and war crimes of sentencing and execution without due process.

How Sudan can Address the issue of the racial discrimination in Sudan:

Sudan government must act for national action plans, for example tougher national legislation and more legal assistance to victims of racial discrimination in Sudan.
Sudan must improve the administration of justice and the reinforcing of national institution to combat racial discrimination. Sudan must ensure equality in the fields of employment, health care and other public services
Millions of people in Sudan continue to suffer daily from racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance, individuals and groups of individuals who are been negatively affected by subjected to target of these scourges. The racism and racial discrimination and related intolerance occur in Sudan on the grounds of race, color, ethnic origin, and the victims can suffer multiple forms of discrimination based on other related grounds sch as language, religion, political other opinion, social origin, or other status.
The international community are express their solidarity with the people of Darfur, Blue Nile and South-Kordofan in their continuing struggle against racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance and recognize the sacrifices made by them as well as their efforts in raising international public awareness of these inhuman tragedies.
The international community has declared that all human beings are born free, equal in dignity and right and have the potential to contribute constructively to the development and well-being of their societies or communities. Any doctrine of racial superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust, and dangerous and must be rejected along with theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races.
Sudan must promote, protect, and ensure the enjoyment by indigenous people of their right as well as to guarantee them the exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms based on equality, non-discrimination, and full and free participation in all areas of community, in matters affecting or concerning their interests, and promote better knowledge of and respect for indigenous cultures and heritage.
We call upon Sudan Government and encourages non-governmental organizations to raise awareness about the racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance experienced by the people of Darfur, Bule Nile and South Kordofan. And to promote knowledge and respect for their culture and history, also we encourage the media in Sudan to promote equal access to and antiparticipation in the media for the victims of the apartheid political system in Sudan since 1956, the media should protect the victims from and against racist, stereotypical, and discriminatory media reporting and calls upon Sudan Government to facilitate the media’s efforts in this regard.
Sudan government must address the problems of racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance against people of Darfur, South-Kordofan and Blue-Nile and urges Sudan government to take all necessary measures to eliminate the barriers that such nations face in participating in economic, social, cultural, and political life.
We call upon Sudan government to ensure that within the government jurisdiction that person belonging to ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities can exercise fully and effectively all human rights and fundamental freedoms without any discrimination and in full equality before the law and urge Sudan Government as well as the African Union and the international community to promote and protect the right of people form Darfur, South-Kordofan and people of Blue-Nile State.
All nations of Sudan specially people belonging to ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities, to enjoy their culture and to use their own language in private and in public, freely and without interference and to participate effectively in the cultural, social, economici and political life of the states which they live to protect them from any form of racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance that they are subjected to. Sudan should ensure within its jurisdiction that people from ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities can exercise fully and effectively all human rights and fundamental freedoms without any discrimination and in full equality before the legal system and urges Sudan and the international community to promote and protect the right of such people.
Sudan to guarantee the rights of people of South-Kordofan, Blue -Nile and Darfur to enjoy their own culture to profess and practice their own religion and to use their own langue in private and in public, freely and without interference and to participate effectively in the cultural, social discrimination, and related intolerance that they subjected to.
Sudan government must recognize that sexual violence which has been systematically used in Darfur, Blue Nile and South-Kordofan as a weapon of war, sometimes with acquiescence or at the instigation of the state is a serious violation of international humanitarian law that in denied circumstances, constitutes a crime against humanity and war crime, and that the intersection of discrimination on ground of race.
We urge Sudan government and encourage non-government organization and the private sector to address the situation of child according to the international law and according Sudan obligation under the relevant international instruments, to take all measures to the maximum extent of their available resources to guarantee, without any discrimination , the equal right of all children to the immediate registration of birth in order to enable them to exercise their human right and fundamental freedoms.
Sudan should adopt and implement, at both the national and international levels , effective measures and polices, in addition to existing anti-discrimination national legislation and relevant international instruments and mechanisms, which encourage all citizens and institution to take stand against racism , racial discrimination and related intolerance and to recognize respect and maximize the benefits of diversity within and among all nations in working together to build a harmonious and productive future by putting into practice and promoting values and principles such as justice , equality and no-discrimination, democracy, fairness and friendship, tolerance and respect within and between communities and nations, in particular through public information and education programmed to raise awareness and understanding of the benefits of cultural diversity , including programmed where the public authorities work in partnership with international and no governmental organizations and other sectors of civil societies.
Sudan government should ensure its political and legal systems reflect the multicultural diversity within Sudan communities and where necessary to improve democratic institutions so that they more fully participate and avoid marginalization, exclusion, and discrimination against specific sectators of society. Sudan must take all necessary measures to address racism and racially motivated violence against people of South -Kordofan and to increase cooperation, policy response and effective implementation of national legislation and of their obligations under relevant international instruments and other protective and preventive measures aimed at the elimination of all forms of racially motivated discrimination and violence against people of South-Kordofan and other nations across the state of Sudan[2].
Sudan must create and implement policies that promote a high-quality and divers police force free from racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance and recruit actively all groups, including minorities, into public employment, including the police force and other agencies within the criminal justice system such as prosecutors. Sudan must work hard to reduce violence, including violence motivated by racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance, by developing education materials to teach young people the importance of tolerance and respect, by addressing bias before it manifests itself in violent criminal activity, ensuring that civil right laws that prohibit violent criminal activity are strongly enforced.
We urge Sudan to consider ratifying or acceding to the international human rights instrument which combat racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance, to accede to the international Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination as a matter of urgency. We urge Sudan to singe and ratify or acceding the following instruments: the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crimes of Genocide of 1948- International Labor organization migration for employment convention 1949- convention for suppression of the traffic in persons and of the exploitation of the prostitution of others of 1949- convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination again women of 1979- Convention on the Rights of the child of 1989 – Rome statute of the international criminal court of 1998- United Nation Convention against transnational organized crimes the protocol to prevent , suppress and punish trafficking in person especially women and children , supplantation the convention and the protocol against the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air , supplementing the convention of 2000.
We call upon Sudan government to promote and protect the exercise if the rights set out in the Declaration on the Elimination of all forms of intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or belief, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution issued in November 1981, to obviate religious discrimination which, when combined with certain other forms of discrimination, constitute a form of multiple discrimination. We urge Sudan government to seek full respect for and compliance with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relation of 1963, especially as it relates to the right of foreign nationals, regardless of their legal and immigration status, to communicate with a consular officer of their own state in the case of arrest or detention. We urges Sudanese government to prohibit discrimination treatment based on race, color, ethnic origin against any nations in Sudan, and Sudan should combat impunity , including for crimes with a racist motivation , also at the international level, noting that impunity for violation of hum rights and international humanitarian law is a serious obstacle to a fair and equitable justice system and ultimately, reconciliation and stability , it is a fully support the work of existing international criminal tribunal and ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal al Court and urges Sudan to cooperated with these international criminal tribunals.
Sudan government must adopt effective measures to combat criminal acts motivated by racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance, to take measure so that such motivations are considered an aggravating factor for the purpose of sentencing, to prevent these crimes from going unpunished and to ensure the rule of law. Sudan government must undertake investigations to examine possible links between criminal prosecution, police violence and penal sanction, on the one hand and racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance, on the other, to have evidence for taking the necessary steps for the eradication of any such links and discrimination practices.
Sudan government should and must provide effective mechanisms for monitoring and eliminating racism , racial discrimination and related intolerance in the health care system such as the development and enforcement of effective anti-discrimination laws, and tp take urgent steps to ensure equal access to comprehensive , quality health care affordable for all , including primary health care for medically underserved people, facilitate the training of a health work-force that is both divers and motivated to work in underserved communities and work to increase diversity in health-care professional.
This research calls on the politicians and political parties in Sudan, who can play a role in combating racism, racial discrimination and related intolerance and encourages political parties to take concrete step to promote equality, solidarity, and non-discrimination in communities.
We urge Sudan government. We urge Sudan government to intensify its effort in the field of education , including human right education, in order to promote an understanding and a awareness of cause, consequences and evils of racism and racial discrimination and related intolerance and , also urge Sudan government , in consultation with educational authorities and the private sector, as appropriate and encourage educational authorities and the private sector, as appropriate , to develop educational materials , including textbooks and dictionaries, aimed at combating those phenomena and in this context, calls upon Sudan to give importance , if appropriate , to textbook and curriculum review and amendment, so as to eliminate any elements that might promote racism , racial discrimination and related intolerance or reinforce negative stereotypes, and to include material that refutes such stereotypes.
Sudan must introduce and as applicable to, reinforce anti-discrimination and ant-racism components in human right programmers in school curricula, to develop and improve relevant education materials, including history and other textbooks, and to ensure that all teachers are effectively trained and adequately motivated to shape attitudes and behavioral patterns, based on the principles of non-discrimination, mutual respect, and tolerance. We call upon Sudan government to develop and strengthen anti-racist and gender-sensitive human rights training for public official, including personnel in the administration of justice, particularly in law enforcement, correctional and security services, as well as among health care, schools, migrations authorities.
Sudan government must recognize that these historical injustice against people of South-Kordofan, Blue-Nile and Darfur have undeniably contributed to the poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization, social exclusion, economic disparities, instability, and insecurity that affect many people in different parts of the world, in developing countries. Sudan should develop programmers for the social and economic development of these communities and the Diaspora, with the framework of a new partnership based on the spirit of solidarity and mutual respect in the following areas: debt relief , poverty reduction , building and strengthening democratic institutions, promotion of foreign direct investment, market access, intensifying effort to meet the international agreed targets for official development assistance transfer to developing the areas of people of Darfur, Bule-Nile and South-Kordofan. Moreover, Sudan government must ensue agriculture and food security, transfer of technology, transparent and accountable government, investment in health infrastructure, education, training and cultural development, illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons, trafficking in person particularly women and children.

In conclusion: The apartheid political system in Sudan since 1956 has imposed segregation in all aspects of life. They include segregation in educational, employment, and criminal legal systems. Racial discrimination and racial disparities plague Sudan, criminal justice system. Although some of these disparities may be rooted in the implicit racial bias held by key decision makers, including the police, judges, attorneys and jurors, others may result from specific crimes reduction or litigation strategies.

نواصل

الكرتى

مايوا 2022م

[1] Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. Although the United States differs from most European nations that have a titled nobility, the U.S. is still highly stratified. Social inequality has several important dimensions. Income is the earnings from work or investments, while wealth is the total value of money and other assets minus debts. Other important dimensions include power, occupational prestige, schooling, ancestry, and race and ethnicity.

[2]

State and federal hate crime laws punish crimes involving discrimination based on a person’s group characteristic, such as race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, or disability. The Supreme Court has refined the definition of hate crime through decisions which affirmed one type of hate crime law but rejected another. Punishing hate crimes is consistent with the traditional aims of our criminal justice system. Our criminal laws consistently enhance penalties for seemingly similar conduct based on the risk, severity, and context of a particular crime. Carefully drafted hate crime laws punish conduct that is objectively more dangerous to victims and society.